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Poet laureate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A depiction of Torquato Tasso from a German encyclopedia, 1905. Note the laurel crown.

A poet laureate (plural: poets laureate)[1][2][3] is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, typically expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. Albertino Mussato of Padua and Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) of Arezzo were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, respectively in 1315 and 1342.[4] In Britain, the term dates from the appointment of Bernard André by Henry VII of England. The royal office of Poet Laureate in England dates from the appointment of John Dryden in 1668.

In modern times a poet laureate title may be conferred by an organization such as the Poetry Foundation, which designates a Young People's Poet Laureate, unconnected with the National Youth Poet Laureate and the United States Poet Laureate.[5]

The office is also popular with regional and community groups. Examples include the Pikes Peak Poet Laureate,[6] which is designated by a "Presenting Partners" group from within the community, the Minnesota poet laureate chosen by the League of Minnesota Poets (est. 1934),[7] the Northampton Poet Laureate[8] chosen by the Northampton Arts Council,[9] and the Martha's Vineyard Poet Laureate chosen by ten judges representing the Martha's Vineyard Poetry Society.

Over a dozen national governments continue the poet laureate tradition.

Background

[edit]

In ancient Greece, the laurel was used to form a crown or wreath of honour for poets and heroes. The custom derives from the ancient myth of Daphne and Apollo (Daphne signifying "laurel" in Greek), and was revived in Padua for Albertino Mussato,[10] followed by Petrarch's own crowning ceremony in the audience hall of the medieval senatorial palazzo on the Campidoglio on April 8, 1341.[11] Because the Renaissance figures who were attempting to revive the Classical tradition lacked detailed knowledge of the Roman precedent they were attempting to emulate, these ceremonies took on the character of doctoral candidatures.[12]

Since the office of poet laureate has become widely adopted, the term "laureate" has come to signify recognition for preeminence or superlative achievement (cf. Nobel laureate). A royal degree in rhetoric, poet laureate was awarded at European universities in the Middle Ages. The term therefore may refer to the holder of such a degree, which recognized skill in rhetoric, grammar, and language.

By country

[edit]

Afghanistan

[edit]

During the 10–11th century, Unsuri was made poet laureate by Sultan Maḥmūd of Ghazna.[13] Modern Poets Laureate of Afghanistan include Abdullah "Malik al-Shu'Ara" Qari, Sufi Abdul Bitab, and Ustad Khalilullah Khalili.[14][15]

Albania

[edit]

In 2021, Rudolf Marku became the first Poet Laureate of Albania.[16] He was followed by Luljeta Lleshanaku.[17]

Argentina

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Argentina include Olegario Victor Andrade and Carlos Guido y Spano.[18][19]

Armenia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Armenia include Avetik Isahakian and Hovhannes Toumanian (1970).[20][21]

Austria

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Austria include Franz Grillparzer, Kurt Wildgans and Franz Werfel.[22][23][24] For cities, Paulus Melissus was made Poet Laureate of Vienna in 1561.[25]

Australia

[edit]

On January 30, 2023, at the launch of 'Revive', Australia's new cultural policy, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced “the establishment of a poet laureate for Australia”.[26] Before 2023, Australia had not had an official poet laureate scheme, despite past suggestions.[27][28] In 1818, former convict Michael Massey Robinson was paid by colony governor Lachlan Macquarie for services as poet laureate.[29] Over the years, other poets have been nominated as worthy of such a title, including James Brunton Stephens (1835–1902),[30] Andrew Barton 'Banjo' Paterson (1864–1941),[31] and Les Murray (1938–2019).[32]

Azerbaijan

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Azerbaijan include Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh.[33][34]

Bahamas

[edit]

Poets Laureate of The Bahamas include Henry Christopher Christie.[35]

Bahrain

[edit]

Bahrain-born Muḥammad Sharīf al-Shībānī served as the poet laureate of the court of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (c. 1967).[36]

Bangladesh

[edit]

During the 15th century, Zainuddin was appointed the court poet of Bengal while under the patronage of Prince Yusuf Khan.[37][38] Daulat Qazi, born in what is now modern day Bangladesh, was officially appointed as the poet for the Arakan court in Myanmar (then ruled by King Thiri Thudhamma).[39]

Barbados

[edit]

The first Poet Laureate of Barbados was chosen in 2018. Her name is Esther Phillips.[40][41]

Belarus

[edit]

Poet Laureates of Belarus include Maksim Tank and Pimen Panchenko.[42][43]

Belgium

[edit]

The first Poet Laureate of Belgium, Charles Ducal, was chosen in 2014.[44][45] He was followed by Laurence Vielle,[44] Els Moors,[44] Carl Norac,[46] and Mustafa Kör.[46]

Bolivia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Bolivia include Javier del Granado.[47]

Brazil

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Brazil include Guilherme de Almeida.[48][49]

Brunei

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Brunei include royal poet Omar Ali Saifuddien III.[50][51]

Bulgaria

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Bulgaria include Venko Markovski.[52][53]

Burkina Faso

[edit]

Boûbacar Tinguidji, a Fula maabo, was appointed as the court poet of the Ruler of Dori.[54]

Cambodia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Cambodia include Ind (1907–1924).[55][56]

Canada

[edit]
Toronto's Poet Laureate George Elliott Clarke who later became Parliamentary Poet Laureate of Canada
Main article: Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate

The Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate is appointed as an officer of the Library of Parliament. The position alternates between an English and French speaking laureate. Candidates must be able to write in both English and French, have a substantial publication history (including poetry) displaying literary excellence and have written work reflecting Canada, among other criteria.[57]

Provincial and municipal poets laureate

[edit]
Main article: List of Canadian Provincial Poets Laureate

Currently, only the provinces of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan and Yukon have appointed a poet laureate.

Alberta
[edit]
Main article: Municipal Poets Laureate in Alberta, Canada
British Columbia
[edit]
Main article: Municipal Poets Laureate in British Columbia, Canada
Manitoba
[edit]
Cities
[edit]
New Brunswick
[edit]
Cities
[edit]
  • Poets Laureate of Fredericton include Ian Letourneau (2016–2018), Jenna Lyn Albert (2019–2021) and Jordan Trethewey (2021–present).
  • Poets Flyé-es (Poets Laureate) of Moncton include Kayla Geitzler (English) and Jean-Philippe Raîche (French) (2019–present) [59]
  • Poets Laureate of Sackville include Douglas Lochhead (2002–2011), Marilyn Lerch (2013–2017), Shoshanna Wingate (2019–2021) and Laura K. Watson (2021–present).[60][61]
Newfoundland and Labrador
[edit]
Cities
[edit]
Nova Scotia
[edit]
Cities
[edit]
Main article: Poet Laureate of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Ontario
[edit]
Main article: Poet Laureate of Ontario
Cities
[edit]
Main article: Municipal Poets Laureate in Ontario, Canada
Prince Edward Island
[edit]

Prince Edward Island appointed its first poet laureate, John Smith, in 2003.[65][66][67]

Saskatchewan
[edit]

Saskatchewan appointed its first poet laureate, Glen Sorestad, in 2000.[68]

Yukon
[edit]

Inaugural Yukon Provincial Poet Laureate PJ Yukon has held the office since 1994.[69][68]

The Commissioner of Yukon established the Story Laureate of Yukon role in 2020.[70] The inaugural position was held by Michael Gates.

Cape Verde

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Cape Verde include Eugénio Tavares.[71]

Chile

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Chile include Galvarino Merino Duarte (c. 1983).[72]

China

[edit]

In Ancient China, Emperor Yuan of Han appointed Shi You as the poet laureate.[73]

Colombia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Colombia include Antonio José Restrepo.[74][75]

Costa Rica

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Costa Rica include Laureano Albán.[76]

Croatia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Croatia include Vladimir Nazor.[77]

Cuba

[edit]

National poets are mainly celebrated in Cuba, but there are poets laureate in the country's history. In 1860, Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda was made the Poet Laureate of Havana.[78] Nicolás Guillén, who is mainly considered a national poet, became the Poet Laureate of Havana in 1913.[79][80]

Cyprus

[edit]

During the 19th century, after the Turks invaded Cyprus, Mufti Hilmi Efendi was appointed the poet laureate of Sultan Mahmud II.[81] In 1980, the World Academy of Arts and Culture awarded Cyprus-born Costas Montis the title of Poet Laureate.[82]

Czech Republic

[edit]

In 1596, Bartholomaeus Bilovius was made Poet Laureate of Prague due in part to his royal connections.[83] Johann Christian Alois Mickl was crowned the Poet Laureate of Prague around 1730.[84]

Denmark

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Denmark include Christian Winther.[85]

Dominican Republic

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Dominican Republic include Pedro Mir (1984).

Ecuador

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Ecuador include Remigio Crespo Toral (1917), Pablo Hannibal Vela (1951), and José María Egas (1976).[86][87][88]

Egypt

[edit]

Ahmed Shawqi became Egypt's Poet Laureate in 1894.[89]

El Salvador

[edit]

Poets Laureate of El Salvador include Alberto Rivas Bonilla.[90][91]

Eritrea

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Eritrea include Reesom Haile.[92]

Estonia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Estonia include Jaan Kaplinski.[93]

Ethiopia

[edit]
Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the officially designated Laureate includes Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin. Tsegaye's award was granted in 1966 by His Majesty, Haile-Selasie II.[94]

Fiji

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Fiji include Kamla Prasad Mishra.[95][96]

Finland

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Finland include Zachris Topelius.[97]

France

[edit]

Poets Laureate of France include Publio Fausto Andrelini (1496), Giambattista Marino (1615–1623), Charles Dumas (1903), André Corthis (1906) and Paul Fort (1921).[98][99][100][101][102]

Gambia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of The Gambia include Lenrie Peters.[103]

Georgia

[edit]

Heraclius II of Georgia appointed Sayat-Nova as his poet laureate at the court of Tblisi.[104]

Germany

[edit]

The first known Poet Laureate of the German Empire is Conradus Celtes Protuccius (c. 1466). He was succeeded by Johannes Paulus Crusius (1616), Apostolo Zeno, and Pietro Metastasio (1729) among others.[105] In the 1700s, Sidonia Hedwig Zäunemann was appointed as the Poet Laureate of Göttingen.[106] Poets Laureate of Nazi Germany include Hanns Johst from 1935 to 1946. Rajvinder Singh [de] was declared the Stadtschreiber of three different cities in Germany: Rheinsberg in 1999,[107] Remscheid in 2004,[107] and Trier in 2007.[107][108][109][110][111][112]

Ghana

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Ghana include Atukwei Okai.[113][114]

Greece

[edit]

Greece's modern Poet Laureates include Spyros Matsoukas (c. 1909).[115][116]

Guatemala

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Guatemala include Osmundo Arriola and Máximo Soto Hall.[117][118]

Guyana

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Guyana include A.J. Seymour.[119]

Haiti

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Haiti include Jean-Fernand Brierre.[120][121]

Holy See

[edit]
Main article: Papal poet laureate

Popes have several times named poets laureate, but the practice has been irregular.

Honduras

[edit]

In 1846, José Trinidad Reyes was appointed the Poet Laureate of Honduras.[122] His successors include Froylán Turcios (c. 1922).[123]

Hungary

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Hungary include János Arany and Zsófia Balla (2018).[124][125]

Iceland

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Iceland include Einar Benediktsson and Stephan G. Stephansson.[126][127]

India

[edit]

In India, poet laureates were maintained at the royal courts beginning in ancient times.[128] For instance, in Ancient India, Harisena was designated poet laureate by Emperor Samudragupta.[129] During the 7th century, Emperor Harsha proclaimed Bāṇabhaṭṭa as the poet laureate.[130] Jayamkondar was made poet laureate by Chola Emperor Kulottunga I.[131] During the Mughal Empire, Emperor Akbar made Birbal the poet laureate.[132] In the aforementioned empire's later history, Taleb Amoli was Emperor Jahangir's poet laureate from 1618–1627,[133] and Emperor Shah Jahan appointed Jagannatha Panditaraja as the poet laureate during his reign.[134] Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq was the poet laureate of the final Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.[135]

Andhra Pradesh

[edit]

Saanvi Sharma was the first poet laureate of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kerala

[edit]

Vallathol Narayana Menon was the Poet Laureate of Kerala.[136][137]

Tamil Nadu

[edit]

Kannadasan was the poet laureate of Tamil Nadu at the time of his death.

Indonesia

[edit]

In the 14th century, Mpu Prapanca served as the poet laureate in the royal court of Emperor Hayam Wuruk.[138][139][140] During the 18th century, Yasadipura I served as the Poet Laureate of Surakarta Sunanate.[141]

Iran

[edit]
Mohammad-Taqi Bahar poet laureate of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar.

In Iran, Saba (Fath-Ali Khan Kashani) was the poet laureate of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.[142] In the 17th century, during his travels to India, the Persian poet Kalim Kashani was made poet laureate by Mogul emperor Shah Jahan in 1632.[143] Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār was the poet laureate of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. He was born in Mashhad in 1884 (died 1951) and was a conservative figure among the modernists. Mohammad-Taqi Bahar was appointed Poet Laureate by royal decree in 1903.[144]

Iraq

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Iraq include Muhammed Mahdi al-Jawahiri.[145]

Ireland

[edit]

The Kingdom of Ireland had a poet laureate; the last holder of the title was Robert Jephson, who died in 1803.[146]

The closest modern equivalent in the Republic of Ireland is the title Saoi ["wise one"] held by up to seven members at a time of Aosdána, an official body of those engaged in fine arts, literature, and music. Poets awarded the title include Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Anthony Cronin, and Seamus Heaney.

Israel

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Israel include Avigdor Hameiri and Haim Gouri.[147][148]

Italy

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Italy include Petrarch (1341), Camillo Querno (1514), Torquato Tasso (1595), Giovanni Prati (1849).[105][149]

Jamaica

[edit]

Thomas MacDermot was the first poet laureate of Jamaica during colonial times, followed by Je Clare McFarlane.[150] Mervyn Morris was the first poet laureate of Jamaica upon its independence (2014–2017), followed by Lorna Goodison (2017–2020)[150] and Olive Senior (2021–2024).[151] The current poet laureate is Kwame Dawes (2024–2027).[152]

Japan

[edit]

During the Heien period, Ariwara no Yukihira was a court poet.[153] Poets Laureate of Japan include Baron Takasaki Masamitsu.[154][155]

Kazakhstan

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Kazakhstan include Abdilda Tazhibaev.[156][157]

Kenya

[edit]

Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy was the Poet Laureate of Mombasa, Kenya.[158]

Kiribati

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Kiribati include Danny Wilson.[159]

Kyrgyzstan

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Kyrgyzstan include Chinghiz Aitmatov.[160]

Laos

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Laos include Nhouy Abhay.[161]

Latvia

[edit]

Jānis Sudrabkalns was the Poet Laureate of Latvian SSR.[162][163]

Lebanon

[edit]

During the Shihab dynasty in Lebanon, Nicola al-Turk was officially appointed as a court poet of Bashir Shihab II.[164]

Lesotho

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Lesotho include Joshua Pulumo Mohapeloa.[165]

Liberia

[edit]

Poets Laureate for the Republic of Liberia have included Roland T. Dempster, Melvin B. Tolson (1947), and Patricia Jabbeh Wesley.[166][167][168]

Lithuania

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Lithuania include Bernardas Brazdzionis and Kornelijus Platelis.[169][170]

Luxembourg

[edit]

In 1555, Luxembourg-born Nicolaus Mameranus was crowned poet laureate by Charles V.[171]

Malawi

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Malawi include Jack Mapanje.[172]

Malaysia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Malaysia include Muhammad Haji Salleh.[173] In the 20th century, Raja Haji Yahya was designed by the High Commissioner of the Malay States as the Poet Laureate of Perak.[174]

Maldives

[edit]

Poets Laureate of the Maldives include Sheikh Mohamed Jamaluddin (c. 1890), who also served as a judge.[175]

Mali

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Mali include Ban Sumana Sisòkò.[176][177]

Malta

[edit]

In 2023, Maria Grech Ganado became the inaugural Poet Laureate of Malta.[178]

Martinique

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Martinique include Daniel Thaly.[179][180]

Mexico

[edit]

In the 15th century, Nezahualcoyotl was the Poet Laureate of the Aztecs.[181][182] Poets Laureate of Mexico include Guillermo Prieto (1890), Juan de Dios Peza, and Rafael de Zayas Enriquez.[183][184][185][186][187]

Mongolia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Mongolia include Ke Ming.[188] Saichungga was the Poet Laureate of Inner Mongolia.[189]

Montenegro

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Montenegro include Tomo Joshov Vulkichevich.[190]

Morocco

[edit]

During the 16th-17th centuries in Morocco's history, Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali was appointed as the poet laureate of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur.[191]

Myanmar

[edit]

During the Konbaung dynasty, Letwe Thondara served as the court poet of Mahadhammaraza Dipadi.[192][193] Later, in the country's history, Soe Nyunt was appointed as the Poet Laureate of Burma.[194]

Nepal

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Nepal include Lekhnath Paudyal and Laxmi Prasad Devkota.[195][196][197]

Netherlands

[edit]
Main article: Dichter des Vaderlands

The unofficial Poet Laureate of Netherlands is Tsead Bruinja as Dichter des Vaderlands (Poet of the Fatherland). The previous laureate was Ester Naomi Perquin. Gerrit Komrij was the first Dichter des Vaderlands. The title was created by Dutch media.[citation needed]

New Zealand

[edit]
Main article: New Zealand Poet Laureate

New Zealand has had an official poet laureate since 1998. Originally sponsored by Te Mata vineyards and known as the Te Mata Estate Poet Laureate, the award is now administered by the National Library of New Zealand and the holder is called New Zealand Poet Laureate. The term of office is two years. The symbol of office is a Tokotoko, a carved wooden ceremonial orator's staff.

The first holder was Bill Manhire, in 1998–99, then Hone Tuwhare (2000–01), Elizabeth Smither (2002–03), Brian Turner (2004–05), Jenny Bornholdt (2006–07), Michele Leggott (2008–09), Cilla McQueen (2009–11), Ian Wedde (2011–13), Vincent O'Sullivan (2013–15), C. K. Stead (2015–2017), Selina Tusitala Marsh (2017-2019), David Eggleton (2019-2021) and Chris Tse (2022-2024).[198][199][200][201]

Nicaragua

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Nicaragua include Agenor Argüello and Juan de Dios Vanegas.[202][203]

Niger

[edit]

Burkina Faso-born Boûbacar Tinguidji, a Fula maabo, was appointed as the court poet of the Songhai chief Mossi Gaidou in Dargol, Niger.[54]

Nigeria

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Nigeria include Obo Aba Hisanjani.[citation needed]

North Korea

[edit]

Beginning around 1994, North Korea had 6 active poets laureate who worked in the epic genre.[204] Epic poetry was the chief vehicle of political propaganda during the rule of Kim Jong-il, and the poets worked according to the requests and needs of Kim Jong-il.[204] Some of the poets are Jang Jin-sung (pseudonym), Kim Man-young and Shin Byung-gang.[204]

Norway

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Norway include Arnold Eidslott (1986–2018).[205]

Oman

[edit]

In Oman, Al-Sitali served as the poet laureate during the Nabhani dynasty.[206]

Pakistan

[edit]

During the 18th century, Jam Durrak was appointed as the poet laureate of the royal court of Mir Nasir Khan I.[207] Later in Pakistan's history, Poets Laureate of Pakistan would include Hafeez Jalandhari.[208]

Panama

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Panama include Enrique Geenzier.[209]

Papua New Guinea

[edit]

Allan Natachee was proclaimed the Poet Laureate of Papua New Guinea by the United Poets Laureate International.[210][211]

Paraguay

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Paraguay include Alejandro Guanes.[212][213]

Peru

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Peru include Pedro Peralta y Barnuevo and José Santos Chocano (1922).[214][215][216]

Philippines

[edit]

Poet Laureate of the Philippines include Amado Yuzon (1959).[217]

Poland

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Poland were appointed so by Popes: Klemens Janicki (Pope Paul III; 1540), Adam Schröter (Pope Pius IV; 1564), and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (Pope Urban VIII, 1622).[218]

Portugal

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Portugal include Gil Vicente and Garcia de Resende.[219][220][221]

Romania

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Romania include Vasile Alecsandri (1848–1881) and Octavian Goga.[222][223][224][225]

Russia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Russia include Gavrila Derzhavin and Mikhail Sholokhov.[226][227][228] In 1923, Mӓjit Nurghӓniulї Ghafuri was appointed the Poet Laureate of Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[229]

Rwanda

[edit]

Sekarama was the official court poet during the reigns of Kigeli IV Rwabugiri and Mutara III Rudahigwa.[230] Poets Laureate of Rwanda include Edouard Bamporiki Uwayo.[231]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Saudi Arabia include Ahmed Ibrahim al-Ghazzawi.[232]

Saint Lucia

[edit]
Derek Walcott of Saint Lucia

Poets Laureate of Saint Lucia include Derek Walcott.[233][234]

San Marino

[edit]

Poets Laureate of San Marino include Valery Larbaud.[235][236]

Senegal

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Senegal include Léopold Sédar Senghor and Robert Hayden (1966).[237][238]

Serbia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Serbia include the following:

Sierra Leone

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Sierra Leone include the Italian authors Roberto Malini and Dario Picciau.[243]

Slovakia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Slovakia include Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav.[244][245]

Slovenia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Slovenia include France Prešeren.[246]

South Africa

[edit]

In the 19th century, Magolwane kaMkhathini Jiyane was the court poet of Shaka Zulu.[247][248] During the 10th century, David Livingstone Phakamile (Yali-Manisi) was the poet laureate of Kaiser Matanzima.[249] Poets Laureate of South Africa include Mazisi Kunene (2005), Keorapetse Kgositsile (2006), and Mongane Wally Serote (2018– ).[250][251][252]

Spain

[edit]

Poet Laureates of Spain include Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch (1869) and José Zorrilla y Moral (1889).[253][254] José María Pemán was designated as the Poet Laureate of the Franco regime.[255]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Sri Lanka include Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera, who lived during the 15th century.[256]

Sudan

[edit]

During the 1800s in Sudan, Al U'aysir was the court poet (inqīb) of the Ja'alin tribe King Mek Nimr.[257]

Suriname

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Suriname include Robin "Dobru" Ravales.[258][259]

Syria

[edit]

During the 10th century, Al-Mutannabi was the poet laureate at the court of the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla in Aleppo.[260]

Taiwan

[edit]

In 1963, Jun-an (Wei Qing-de) was named the Poet Laureate of Taiwan by the United Poets Laureate International.[261]

Tajikistan

[edit]

In ancient times, Tajikistan-born Rudaki became the poet laureate in the royal court of Ahmad Samani.[262]

Tanzania

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Tanzania include Saadani Kandoro (1969).[263][264]

Thailand

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Thailand include Sunthorn Phu.[265][266]

Tonga

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Tonga include Noble Tu'ivakanō (Siaosi Kiu Ngalumoetutulu Kiutauʻivailahi Kao).[267]

Trinidad and Tobago

[edit]

Paul-Keens Douglas became the inaugural Poet Laureate of Trinidad and Tobago in 2017.[268][269] In 2002, Eintou Pearl Springer was named the Poet Laureate of Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.[270] The inaugural Poet Laureate of the Port of Spain was Anson Gonzalez.[268]

Tunisia

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Tunisia include Qasim Shabi.[271]

Turkey

[edit]

Mehmet Akif Ersoy (b. 1873–d. December 27, 1936), a famous poet, was the Poet-Laureate of Turkey. He composed the poem to be the National Anthem of the Turkish Republic that written in 1921. Original name of the poem is "İstiklal Marşı"

Turkmenistan

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Turkmenistan include Gozel Shagulyeva.[272]

Uganda

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Uganda include Akena Adoko.[273]

Ukraine

[edit]

In the 1940s, Oleksandr Korniychuk was the Poet Laureate of Soviet-controlled Ukraine.[274]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

Poets Laureate of the United Arab Emirates include Ousha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi.[275]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom

England

[edit]
Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer of England

In England, the term "poet laureate" is restricted to the official office of Poet Laureate, attached to the royal household. However, no authoritative historical record exists of the office of Poet Laureate of England.

The office developed from earlier practice when minstrels and versifiers were members of the king's retinue. Richard Cœur-de-Lion had a versificator regis (English: king's poet), Gulielmus Peregrinus (William the Pilgrim), and Henry III had a versificator named Master Henry. In the fifteenth century, John Kay, a versifier, described himself as Edward IV's "humble poet laureate". According to Notes and Queries (1876), King Henry I paid 10 shillings a year to a versificator regis.[276]

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) was called Poet Laureate, being granted in 1389 an annual allowance of wine. W. Hamilton describes Chaucer, Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, John Skelton, Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards and Samuel Daniel as "volunteer Laureates".

John Skelton studied at the University of Oxford in the early 1480s and was advanced to the degree of "poet laureate" in 1488, when he joined the court of King Henry VII to tutor the future Henry VIII. The title of laureate was also conferred on him by the University of Louvain in 1492 and by the University of Cambridge in 1492–3.[citation needed] He soon became famous for his rhetoric, satire and translations and was held in high esteem by the printer William Caxton, who wrote, in the preface to The Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vargyle (Modern English: The Book of the Aeneid, compiled by Virgil) (1490):

But I pray mayster John Skelton, late created poete laureate in the unyversite of Oxenforde, to oversee and correct this sayd booke.

The academic use of the term laureate became associated again with royalty when King James I created a pension for Ben Jonson in 1617, although there is no formal record extant. He was succeeded by William Davenant.

The royal office Poet Laureate was officially conferred by letters patent on John Dryden in 1668, after Davenant's death, and the post became a regular institution. There are other, non-official, laureate titles, such as the commercially sponsored "Children's Laureate" for an "eminent writer or illustrator of children's books to celebrate outstanding achievement in their field",[277] and the Poetry Foundation's Young People's Poet Laureate.[5]

Scotland

[edit]
Main article: Makar (National Poet for Scotland)
Edwin Morgan, first Makar or National Poet for Scotland

Scotland has a long tradition of makars and poetry. Iain Lom, the Scottish Gaelic bard, was appointed poet laureate in Scotland by Charles II, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, on his restoration in 1660.[278] In 2004 the Scottish Parliament appointed Professor Edwin Morgan as the first Makar or National Poet for Scotland. On his death in January 2011 he was succeeded by Liz Lochhead.[279] Kathleen Jamie became Scotland's fourth Makar in 2021.[280]

Wales

[edit]
Main article: National Poet for Wales

Wales has had a long tradition of poets and bards under royal patronage, with extant writing from medieval royal poets and earlier. The office of National Poet for Wales was established in April 2005. The first holder, Gwyneth Lewis, was followed by Gwyn Thomas.

Territories

[edit]
British Virgin Islands
[edit]

Dr. Richard Georges became the inaugural Poet Laureate of the British Virgin Islands in 2020.[281]

Cayman Islands
[edit]

Poets Laureate of the Cayman Islands include Roy Bodden.[282]

Falkland Islands
[edit]

Poets Laureate of the Falkland Islands include Ron Reeves.[283]

Isle of Man
[edit]

Referred to as the Manx Bard, the individuals that have served in the position include Zoe Cannell, Michael Manning, and Jordanne Kennaugh.[284][285][286]

United States

[edit]
Joy Harjo, Poet Laureate of the United States
Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden, Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith, and National Youth Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman.
Main article: United States Poet Laureate
Further information: List of U.S. states' Poets Laureate

The United States Library of Congress appointed a Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1937 to 1984. An Act of Congress changed the name in 1985 to Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress.

Poets laureate receive a US$35,000 stipend and are given the responsibility of overseeing an ongoing series of poetry readings and lectures at the library, and a charge to promote poetry. No other duties are specified, and laureates are not required to compose for government events or in praise of government officials. However, after the September 11 terrorist attacks, then poet laureate Billy Collins was asked to write a poem to be read in front of a special joint session of Congress. Collins wrote "The Names", which he read on September 6, 2002, and which is available in streaming audio and video.[287] The original intent of the stipend was to provide poets laureate with a full income, so that they could devote their time entirely to writing poetry. The amount has not been adjusted for inflation and is now considered a moderate bonus intended to supplement a poet's already existing income.

Poets Laureate of the United States include Ada Limón, Joy Harjo, Tracy K. Smith and Juan Felipe Herrera. Amanda Gorman was the United States's first National Youth Poet Laureate appointed in 2017.[288]

A number of American state legislatures have also created an office of poet laureate. The holders may be locally or nationally prominent. The U.S. states of New Jersey, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Pennsylvania do not currently have a state poet laureate position.[289]

Uruguay

[edit]

In 1929, the Palacio Legislativo of Montevideo consecrated Juana de Ibarbourou as the "Poet Laureate of Spanish America".[290]

Uzbekistan

[edit]

In the 14th-15th centuries, Uzbekistan-born Khoja Fakhriddin Ismatullah ibn Masud Ismat Bukhari was the poet laureate in the royal courts of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji and Ulugh Beg.[291] In later history, Poets Laureate of Uzbekistan include Muhammed Ali and Śukrullo.[292][293]

Venezuela

[edit]

Poets Laureate of Venezuela include Heraclio Martín de la Guardia (c. 1878).[294]

Vietnam

[edit]

During the 16th century, Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm became the first Poet Laureate of Vietnam.[295] Tố Hữu was the poet laureate of North Vietnam and the Communist Party of Vietnam, and remained so even after his political decline.[296]

Yemen

[edit]

Ibn 'Aliwa-Ibn Hayyan was the court poet of the Banu Hamdan in northern Yemen.[297] During the 15th century, Abu Bakr al-Aydarus became the patron saint and Poet Laureate of Aden, Yemen.[298]

Zimbabwe

[edit]

Ginyilitshe Hlabangana was the official poet laureate (or Imbongi YeNkosi) for the Ndebele Kingdom (now called Matabeleland, Zimbabwe).[299]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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